Research on gay parenting has been in the forefront of the process of dismantling mistaken assumptions, both legal and cultural, facing gay parents, that have been expressed in judicial opinions, legislative initiatives, or public policies relevant to lesbian and gay parents and their children. Thus, many studies have been conducted to evaluate the accuracy of negative expectations about lesbian and gay parents or about their children.

GLBT Family Diversity
One important distinction in LGBT families is between families in which children were born or adopted in the context of heterosexual marriages that later dissolved when one or both parents came out as gay ar lesbian, relative to those in which children were born or adopted after parents had affirmed their sexual identities. Families of the first type have undergone the tensions and reorganizations characteristic of parental divorce and separation, whereas families of the second type have not necessarily experienced these transitions.

Apart from the ethnic, religious, economic, and other forms of diversity that characterize other families, additional forms and variety of parenting options exist within the construction of gay and lesbian families. For instance, a lesbian couple and a gay couple may agree to conceive children together and raise them jointly.  Variants on this kind of arrangement might involve a gay couple and a single lesbian, or a lesbian couple and a single gay man. Large extended family systems of biologically unrelated adults and their children is also possible.

Gay Fathers
In her study of fathers, Gillian Dunne, senior research fellow at the Gender Institute of the London School of Economics, found that gay dads tended to be more compassionate toward their kids  and were "interested in extending their masculine identity to embrace nurturing qualities."  Gay fathers also organized around commitment to children, with 25 percent of those surveyed working less than 30 hours a week in order to commit to parenting. Dunne believes that most men become fathers "without really giving it much thought. "But if a gay man has gone through all the trouble to think through and opt
into fatherhood and overcome the obstacles, he is probably more likely to be actively involved in routine child care than other fathers."

Dunne also found that gay men were deeply involved in ways not limited to traditional fatherhood—donating sperm to women friends, usually lesbians; adopting; foster parenting; and enlisting a surrogate mother. "In Britain," said Dunne, "about 50 percent of divorced fathers lose contact with their children within a year of their divorce, whereas divorced gay men were still actively involved in their children’s lives; many were actively co-parenting or were main (caretakers)."  Friendships maintained with ex-spouses, she said, paves the way for gay fathers—who Dunne says tended to be "egalitarian type of men" when they were married"—to continue being actively involved in caring for their children.

The process of coming out, Dunne said, seems to make gay fathers more willing to challenge traditional gender roles and masculine stereotypes and "less frightened of the human qualities of nurturing and empathy and sensitivity." Almost unanimously, Dunne reported, the gay fathers in her study felt that "children had much to gain from growing up with a gay dad," with a major benefit being tolerance.

Impact of Gay Parenting on Children
Research studies on children in gay or lesbian households unanimously assert that the sexual orientation of moms or dads has no impact on their kids' sexuality, gender identity, or any other aspect of their psychological and emotional development.  Not surprisingly, a recent paper published in the American Sociological Review finds that while the emotional and mental health of youngsters with heterosexual or gay parents is essentially the same, the offspring of lesbians and gays are more likely to accept non-traditional gender roles and are more tolerant of same-sex relationships.  Teenage boys were more sexually restrained than peers from heterosexual households and were likely to be more nurturing and affectionate than their counterparts in heterosexual families. Daughters of lesbians were more likely to not conform to sex-typed roles, showing greater interest in activities and occupations that are not traditionally female.

Children of gays and lesbians also formed friendship bonds with their peers as easily as kids of heterosexuals, despite the harassment and teasing they were subjected to.  Daughters of lesbians tended to have higher self-esteem, and sons were more caring and less aggressive relative to peers from heterosexual households.  A 1994 study conducted by Charlotte Patterson revealed that children of lesbians exhibited "a greater overall sense of well-being" than kids of heterosexuals, perhaps because their moms forced fewer "sex-typed" preferences upon them.